Then, generation after generation, their number will increase, mainly by natural birth and only limited by immigration. First, not many people will go to such a world, so there will be only a small number of settlers. On a Super-Earth, Demography will be interesting. The escape velocity required for a spaceship is far greater, resulting in huge fuel consumption. Traveling to space will be a much harder task than it is on Earth. Technological progress will be slow, because the many problems created by massive gravity. One major advantage is that hydroelectric power plants will generate more energy. Even the friction with the ground will be higher, meaning that each vehicle will need more energy to gain the same speed it gets on Earth. Vehicles will climb much harder and will need stronger brakes. Transportation will also be a major problem. And if the planet has an active nucleolus, earthquakes will be a big challenge. Building a long bridge will be a hard task.
Probably you will never see sky-scrappers there. A lot of work should be made in creating cranes and other lifting devices. Visitors from other planets will probably lie down or stay in water, in order to survive.Įngineers will face many problems. If the planet had rivers before and geology is not too active, there will be no mountains around, but large plains and highly eroded hills. After terraforming, you will see deep canyons forming. Rivers will flow much faster, with a great force of erosion. So, if gravity is 3 times higher, at 20 meters deep, it will be like at 60 meters deep in Earth's oceans. In deep water, things will be different, because pressure increases faster than in Earth oceans. Life will be unaffected in shallow waters, because the Archimedes law. Animals will also face the same problems. If the atmosphere is not much denser, birds will find impossible to fly. Try to avoid staying in the rain, because even a drop of water will have enough energy in it, to hurt you. Even things that we don't give attention, will harm you. This is because gravity acceleration is multiplying the force every second. On a Super-Earth, you will certainly break your bones. On Earth, if you drop a hammer from your hand, if it falls on your feet, it will make you feel pain, but you will not have broken bones. But on a world with high gravity, the acceleration will make us break our bones. For many of us, jumping down in an one-meter deep hole is not a problem. Because of gravity acceleration, it will be risky to jump. Living in this environment is a dangerous task. However, since humans are not made to live in this environment, elders will often suffer from arthritis, heart diseases, arteritis, bone diseases and working accidents. Their heart and blood vessels will need to be stronger. They will grow shorter than us and will have much stronger muscles and bones. Settlers will find hard to live in these conditions, but their children, born in these conditions, will be adapted. In case of a Super-Earth, gravity is expected to be up to 3 times higher than on Earth. See Atmosphere around small bodies for details. The lower limit is where atmosphere can be held for a limited time frame. After a few generations, it is possible for humans to live at 4G or 5G. The upper terraforming limit is a gravity where humans can survive.
Terraforming would still be possible, but humans will never adapt to such conditions. Assuming a light atmosphere, the planet can be habitable, but at a radius over 3 times that of Earth, its gravity will be over 7 times that of Earth. If a planet has a huge nucleus made of heavy metals (like lanthanides), surrounded by a small crust, gravity will be high. High gravity planets could exist in theory. Terraforming such giants is very hard, if not impossible. But, some exoplanets are found to have a greater mass than Jupiter, at the same diameter, resulting in higher gravity. Gas giants sometimes have a high gravity, but even in the case of Jupiter, it is not too high, so that a person would survive. They are surrounded by a highly compressed atmosphere, where pressure is so high, that nothing will survive. In these conditions, any object will simply disintegrate. Gravity is about one billion times higher than on Earth. In this case, we might find conditions for life. If there is a nearby star, temperatures will be higher, even around 300 K (27 C). In theory, without an external source of heat, the temperature can be close to absolute zero.
But, they are not the only celestial bodies with extreme gravity.Ī black dwarf is a cooled white dwarf. of course, life is impossible on such bodies because extreme temperatures. This is the case of White dwarfs, Neutron stars or Black holes, but also the case of many stars. If gravity is too strong, human life is impossible.
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